1. Geographic Regions of the World
Mountains: Himalayas (Asia), Andes (South America), Alps (Europe) – sources of rivers, biodiversity.
Deserts: Sahara (Africa), Thar (India), Atacama (South America) – extreme temperatures, unique adaptations.
Rainforests: Amazon (South America), Congo (Africa) – highest biodiversity.
Grasslands: Prairies (North America), Steppes (Eurasia), Savannas (Africa).
Coastal Plains: Fertile, densely populated.
Polar Regions: Arctic, Antarctica – extreme cold, ice caps.
2. Environment
Physical Environment: Land, water, air, plants, animals.
Human Environment: Settlements, transport, industries, agriculture.
Environmental Issues: Climate change, pollution, deforestation, loss of biodiversity.
3. Religions of the World
Hinduism: Oldest religion; beliefs in dharma, karma, reincarnation; sacred texts: Vedas, Upanishads.
Islam: Founded by Prophet Muhammad; belief in one Allah; Five Pillars; holy book: Quran.
Christianity: Based on life of Jesus Christ; belief in Trinity; holy book: Bible.
Sikhism: Founded by Guru Nanak; equality of all; holy book: Guru Granth Sahib.
Buddhism: Founded by Gautama Buddha; Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path; emphasizes non-violence.
Jainism: Founded by Mahavira; extreme non-violence (ahimsa); fasting and meditation.
All religions teach love, compassion, and peace.
